Section 38-2-446. Voting, rulings, and charge

   (a) Voting by members of a general or special court-martial upon questions of challenge, on the findings, and on the sentence shall be by secret written ballot. The junior member of the court shall in each case count the votes, which count shall be checked by the president, who shall announce forthwith the result of the ballot to the members of the court.

(b) The law officer of a general court-martial and the president of a special court-martial shall rule upon interlocutory questions, other than challenge, arising during the proceedings. Any such ruling made by the law officer of a general court-martial or by the president of a special court-martial who is a member of the bar of this state upon any interlocutory question other than a motion for a finding of not guilty, or the question of the accused's sanity, shall be final and shall constitute the ruling of the court. However, the law officer or president may change the ruling at any time during the trial. Unless the ruling is final, if any member objects thereto, the court shall be cleared and closed and the question decided by a vote as provided in Code Section 38-2-447, viva voce, beginning with the junior in rank.

(c) Before a vote is taken on the findings, the law officer of a general court-martial and the president of a special court-martial, in the presence of the accused and counsel, shall instruct the court as to the elements of the offense and charge the court:

   (1) That the accused must be presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established by legal and competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt;

   (2) That in the case being considered, if there is a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, the doubt shall be resolved in favor of the accused and he shall be acquitted;

   (3) That, if there is a reasonable doubt as to the degree of guilt, the finding must be in a lower degree as to which there is no reasonable doubt; and

   (4) That the burden of proof to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt is upon the state.

Ga. L. 1955, p. 10, § 60.51; Ga. L. 1959, p. 114, § 6.